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artificial software(什么是被动语态)

发布时间:2023-05-23 12:07:54作者:小编酱

什么是被动语态

被动语态
语态也是动词的一种形式,表示主语(动作的发出者或动作的承受者)和谓语之间的关系.语态分两种形式:主动语态和被动语态.上文已就主动语态的各种时态进行了分析和练习,现在我们把重点放在被动语态上.
1. 构成:主语 be动词 动词过去分词 ( by 动作执行者).应用到各时态和句型里的形式如下(用于不同时态的用法和注意事项请参照"语法结构"中的相关内容):
1) 一般现在时:am/ is/ are done
例:1997年6月四级考试第50题
Once environmental damage __________, it takes many years for the system to recover.
A) has done B) is to do
C) does D) is done
本句的意思是:“环境一旦遭到破坏,需要多年时间才能恢复过来.”do作为及物动词有“引起,产生”的含义,do damage的意思是“造成破坏”.主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象,谓语应当用被动语态.所以本题答案是D) is done.其它选项都是主动语态,都是错误的.
2) 现在进行时:am/ is/ are being done
例:1996年1月四级第21题
The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now.
A) developed B) have developed
C) are being developed D) will have been developed
题中develop 和perfect是并列关系,动词perfect只能做及物动词用,因此在本句中应为被动语态,作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态.此外,句中时间状语now表示谓语应是现在正在进行的动作.由此可见,答案是C) are being developed.全句意思:“具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中”.
3) 现在完成时:have/ has been done
例:1997年1月四级第40题
Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging
本题主要考核谓语动词的时态和语态,全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正.challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态.可见答案是C) have been challenged.选项A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案.选项B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合.
4) 现在完成进行时:have/ has been being done
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. (你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你.)
5) 一般将来时:will be done
例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended B. will be attended to
C. is attended D. is attended to
答案是B. will be attended to.关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用.另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态.
6) 将来进行时:will be being done
例:This piece of music will be being played at the same time tomorrow, and you can't even get it right!(明天的这个时候就在演奏这首曲子了,而你居然还弹不对!)
7) 将来完成时:will have been done
例:I hope that everything I have told you __________ by the next lessen.
A. have been forgotten B. will have been forgotten
C. won't have been forgotten D. haven't been forgotten
答案是C. won't have been forgotten.因为表示“到……为止”的by后面接一个将来时间 the next lessen,要求用将来完成时;I have told you是everything的定语从句,也就是“everything被忘记”,而不是“you忘记什么事情”,所以应该用被动语态.最后,根据全句的意思:“我希望到下节课时,你们不会已经忘了我给你们讲授的所有知识.”,本句应该用否定句.
8) 将来完成进行时:will have been being done
例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了.)
9) 一般过去时:was/ were done
例:The window panes were broken.(窗玻璃都被打破了.)
10) 过去进行时:was/ were being done
例:While you were in London that year, the London Bridge ___________.
A. was being repaired B. had been being repaired
C. would be repaired D. was repaired
答案是A. was being repaired.因为时间状语从句表示的是一个具体的过去时间,所以用过去进行时的被动语态.
11) 过去完成时:had been done
例:I was shocked to hear that your house ___________ into.
A. was broken B. broke C. had been broken D had been broken
答案是D had been broken.首先break这个动作发生在was shocked之前,即过去的过去.应该用过去完成时的被动语态.
12) 过去完成进行时:had been being done
例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了.)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行.)
13) 过去将来时:would be done
例:The government promised that a new solution would be worked out within a week.(承诺说一周之内就会提 出新的解决方案.)
14) 过去将来进行时:would be being done
例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建.)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时.)
15) 过去将来完成时:would have been done
例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来.但是我错了.)
16) 过去将来完成进行时:would have been being done
例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了.)
17) 含有情态动词的被动语态:主语 情态动词 be动词 动词过去分词
例:1997年6月第49题
As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ________.
A) ought to be said B) must say
C) have to be said D) need to say
本题主要考核句子结构.全句的意思是:“作为老师,我们关心的应该是学生说了什么,而不是我们自认为学生应该说什么.”what we think和what is said一样,都是介词with后面的由what引导的名词性从句.在前一个从句中,what是主语,is said是动词的被动语态做谓语;在后面从句中,what也是主语,谓语同样也要用被动语态(注意we think是插入成分,不是谓语,去掉we think的话不影响原句的正确性),这样,with后面的这两个宾语才能前后呼应.另外,根据句子前后的逻辑意思,我们应该选择答案A) ought to be said.虽然选项C) have to be said也是被动语态,但当what做主语时,谓语动词要用单数has,而不是have.而且,have to be said(不得不说)的意思和全句不合,不可能是本题的答案.B) must say 和D) need to say这两个选项的动词都是主动语态,因此,都不是本题的答案.
18) 不定式的被动语态:to be done
例:The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.(确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人.)
2. 用法:
1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的情况下:
例:1989年1月四级第58题
A dream of the Red Chamber is said _________ into dozens of languages in the last decade.
A) to have been translated B) to be translated
C) to translate D) to have translated
全句的意思是:“据说《红楼梦》在过去10年中已经被翻译成数十种语言”.动词不定式to translate这一动作发生在谓语动作之前,而且该动作的客体是本句的主语,所以应当用完成时的被动式.答案是A.
2) 句子的强调重点是动作的承受者而非动作的发出者时:
例:Your work will be examined by a group of experts soon.(你的工作即将受到一组专家的检查.)
3) 句子结构上的需要:
例:1995年1月四级第55题
It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.
A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month
C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a month
it 在句中作形式主语.而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语.结合选项全句的意思是:“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”.
3. 注意事项:
1) 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句,更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句.虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换,但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子.因此,在某些题目里,这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据.
例:At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在这段文章里,a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者.The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实,至于是由谁(某个过路人?或肇事司机?)送的不重要.he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者,因为在医院,伤病员自然由医务人员处理,无须罗嗦.这样,这段文章就重点突出,条理清楚了.
2) 被动语态的谓语动词可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词.谓语是不及物动词时,其后的介词与其形成不可分割的整体,也就是我们所谓的被动语态中的短语动词.注意:切勿遗漏短语动词的介词!
例:The sick boy must be attended to immediately.(这个生病的男孩必须被立即医治.)
The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived.(消防队员赶来以前,大火就被扑灭了.)
3) 主动结构中,若谓语动词是可以接双宾语的动词,则变成相应的被动语态时,一般将间接(第一个)宾语作为主语.

跟网络有关的英语单词有哪些

Multimedia(多媒体,指计算机能综合处理声音、图像、影像、动画、文字等多种媒体)
  CD(Compact Disk,光盘,分为只读光盘和可刻录光盘)
  CDR(Compact Disk Recordable,可刻录光盘)
  VCD(Video CD,视频CD)
  Audio(音频)
  Video(视频)
  MPEG(Moving picture expert Group,运动图像专家组,一种压缩比率较大的活动图像和声音的压缩标准)
  BMP(Bitmap,位图,一种图像格式)
  Image(图像)
  Pixel(像素,图像的一个点)
  WAV(Wave,声波,一种声音格式)
  MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface,乐器数字接口,声卡上有这种接口,用于与乐器相连)
  Modem(调制解调器,也称“猫”,用于把音频信号变成数字信号)
  Net(Network,网络)
  WAN(Wide area network,广域网,指地理上跨越较大范围的跨地区网)
  LAN(Local area network,局域网,地理上局限在小范围,属于一个单位组建的网)
  Internet(互联网、因特网、网际网)
  Server(服务器,网络的核心,信息的集中地)
  Client(客户,指使用计算机的用户)
  C/S(Client/Server,客户机/服务器)
  B/S(Browser/Server,浏览器/服务器,指客户通过浏览器访问服务器的信息)
  Workstation(工作站,连到服务器的单个计算机)
  WWW(World Wide Web,万维网,全球范围的节点)
  BBS(Bulletin Board System,电子布告栏系统)
  FTP(File Transfer Protocol,文件传送协议,用此协议用户通过Internet将一台计算机上的文件传送到另一台计算机上)
  HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol,超文本传输协议 WWW服务程序所用的协议)
  HTML(Home Page Marker Language,主页标记语言,用于浏览器浏览显示)
  Hub(网络集线器,提供许多计算机连接的端口)
  Router(路由器,互联网的标准设备,具有判断网络地址、选择路径、实现网络互联的功能)
  (网关)
  TCP/IP(Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,传输控制/互联网协议)
  NDS(Domain Name System,域名服务系统)
  e-mail(Electronic Mail,电子邮件)
  .com(Commerce,商业部门的域名)
  .edu(Education,教育部门的域名)
  .net(网络服务部门的域名)
  .org(Organization,非商业组织的域名)
  .gov(Government,部门的域名)
  @(电子邮件中用户名与域名的分隔符,读音为at)
  Optics(光的,Fiber optics 光纤)
  ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network,综合服务数字网)
  DDN(Defense Data Service,数字数据服务)
  Bandwidth(带宽,网络线路的传输速度)
  Broad(Band 宽带,可同时在多个通道容纳数据,音像信号)
  Hacker(黑客,专门在互联网上到处从事解密、获取信息等非正规活动的的用户)
计算机英语基础词汇:
  PC(Personal Computer,个人计算机)
  IBM(International Business Machine,美国国际商用机器公司简称,最早的个人计算机品牌)
  Intel(美国英特尔公司,以生产CPU芯片著称)
  Pentium(Intel公司,X86 CPU芯片,中文译名为“奔腾”)
  IT(Information Technology,信息产业)
  E-Commerce Eelectronic Business(电子商务)
  B2C(Business To Customer,商家对顾客, 电子商务的一种模式,还有B2C、C2C模式)
  Y2K(2k year,两千年问题,千年虫)
  IC(Integrate Circuit,集成电路)
  VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration,超大规模集成电路)
  DIY(Do It Yourself,自己装配计算机)
  Bit(比特,一个二进制位,通信常用的单位)
  Byte(字节,由八个二进制位组成,是计算机中表示存储空间的最基本容量单位)
  K(千,存储空间的容量单位, kilobyte,1K=1024字节)
  M(兆,megabyte,1M=1024K)
  G(吉,gigabyte,1G=1024M)
  T(太,1T=1024G)
  Binary(二进制,计算机中用的记数制,有0、1两个数字)
  ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange,美国信息交换标准代码,成为了一个为世界计算机使用的通用标准)
  CAI(Computer-Assisted Instruction,计算机辅助教学)
  CAD(Computer-Aided Design,计算机辅助设计)
  CAM(Computer-Aided Manufacturing,计算机辅助制造)
  AI(Artificial Intelligence,人工智能)
  Program(程序,由控制计算机运行的指令组成)
  Driver(驱动程序或驱动器)
  Compatibility(兼容,指电脑的通用性)
  PnP(Plug and Play,即插既用,指计算机器件一装上就可以用)
  Hardware(硬件,构成计算机的器件)
  Software(软件,计算机上运行的程序)
  Courseware(课件,用于教学的软件)
计算机术语之硬件篇相关词汇:
  CPU(Central Processing Unit,中央处理器,计算机的心脏)
  Memory(存储器,内存)
  ROM(Read only Memory,只读存储器,只能读不能写)
  RAM(Random Access Memory,随机存取存储器,内存属于这种存储器)
  Bus(总线,计算机中信息的?路?BR>ISA(Industry Standard Architecture,工业标准结构总线)
  VESA(Video Electronic Standard Association,视频电子标准协会的标准总线)
  PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect,外部互线标准)
  USB(Universal Serial Bus,Intel,公司开发的通用串行总线架构)
  SCSI(Small Computer System Interface,小型计算机系统接口)
  AGP(Accelerate Graphics Processor,加速图形接口)
  Mouse(鼠标,俗称“鼠”)
  Keyboard(键盘)
  CRT(Cathode Ray Tube,阴极射线管,常指显示屏)
  LCD(Liquid Crystal Display,液晶显示屏)
  VGA(Video Graphics Array,视频图形阵列,一种显示卡)
  Resolution(分辨率)
  Printer(打印机)
  Scanner(扫描仪)
  Floppy Disk(软盘)
  Fixed Disk, Hard Disk(硬盘)
  CD(Compact Disk,光盘)
  Adapter(适配器(卡),俗称“卡”,如声卡、显示卡)
  UPS(Uninterruptible Power System,不间断电源)
  LPT(Line Printer,打印口,并行口)
  DPI(Dots Per Inch,每英寸点数,指打印机的分辨率)
  CPS(Characters Per Second,每秒字符数)
  PPM(Pages Per Minute,每分钟打印页数)
计算机术语之软件篇相关词汇:
  OS(Operating System,计算机操作系统,计算机中必不可少的软件)
  DOS(Disk Operating System,磁盘操作系统)
  Windows NT(一种操作系统,NT New technology,新技术)
  Linux(一种可免费使用的UNIX操作系统,运行于一般的PC机上,由Linux开发而得此名)
  BASIC(Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code,初学者通用符号指令代码,一种计算机语言,适合于初学者,不要把BASIC当作Basic)
  Visual BASIC(可视化BASIC语言)
  Database(数据库)
  ESC(Escape,退出键)
  Tab(Table,制表键)
  Shift(上档键,用于输入双字符键上面部分的字符和在大(小)写字符状态输入小(大)写字符)
  Ctrl(Control,控制键)
  Alt(Alter,转换键)
  Insert,Delete(插入、删除)
  Home,End(编辑文书时用于回到文书开头、结尾的键)
  Page Up,Page Down(向前、后翻页键)
  Num lock(数字锁定键)
  Scroll lock(屏幕滚动锁定键)
  Enter(确认键、也有回车换行的作用)
  Click(点击鼠标)
  Cut(剪切,指将文本或图形剪切到内存)
  Copy(复制、拷贝)
  Paste(粘贴,将剪切、复制到内存的内容粘贴出来)
  Debug(程序排错,bug意为小虫子,比喻隐藏在程序中的小错误)
  Virus(计算机病毒,计算机中自我复制传播的程序)
  Backup(备份)
计算机术语之通讯游戏篇相关词汇:
  通信
  cti:computer telephone integration,计算机综合技术
  dbs: direct broadcast satellite,直接卫星广播
  dwdm: dense wavelength division multiplex,波长密集型复用技术
  mmds: multichannel multipoint distribution service,多波段多点分发服务
  pcm: pulse code modulation,脉冲编码调制
  pstn(public switched telephone network,公用交换式网)
  tapi: telephony application programming interface,应用程序接口
  tsapi: telephony services application programming interface,服务应用程序接口
  wdm: wavelength division multiplex,波分多路复用
  游戏
  act(action,动作类游戏)
  arpg(action role play games,动作角色扮演游戏)
  avg(adventure genre,冒险类游戏)
  dan(dance,跳舞类游戏,包括跳舞机、吉它机、打鼓机等)
  dc(dreamcast,世嘉64位游戏机)
  etc(etc,其它类游戏,包括模拟飞行)
  ffj: force feedback joystick(力量反匮式操纵杆)
  fpp(first person game,第一人称游戏)
  ftg(fighting game,格斗类游戏)
  gb(game boy,任天堂4位手提游戏机)
  gbc(game boy color,任天堂手提16色游戏机)
  gg(game gear,世嘉彩色手提游戏机)
  fc(famicom,任天堂8位游戏机)
  fps(frames per second,帧/秒)
  fr(frames rate,游戏运行帧数)
  mac(macintosh,苹果电脑)
  n64(nintendo 64,任天堂64位游戏机)
  sfc(super famicom,超级任天堂16位游戏机)
  slg(simulation game,模拟类游戏)
  spg(sports games,运动类游戏)
  srpg(strategies role play games,战略角色扮演游戏)
  stg(shoot game,射击类游戏)
  ss(sega saturn,世嘉土星32位游戏机)
  pc(personal computer,个人计算机)
  ps(play station,索尼32位游戏机)
  ps(pocket station,索尼手提游戏机)
  rac(race,赛车类游戏)
  rts(real time strategies,实时战略)
  rpg(role play games,角色扮演游戏)
  tab(table chess,桌棋类游戏
计算机术语之服务器篇相关词汇:
  c2c: card-to-card interleaving,卡到卡交错存取
  cc-numa(cache-coherent non uniform memory access,连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址)
  chrp(common hardware reference platform,共用硬件平台,ibm为powerpc制定的标准,可以兼容mac os, windows nt, solaris, os/2, linux和aix等多种操作系统)
  emp: emergency management port,紧急事件管理端口
  icmb: inter-chassis management bus, 内部管理总线
  mpp(massive parallel processing,巨量平行处理架构)
  mux: data path multiplexor,多重路径数据访问
计算机术语之电脑显示器篇相关词汇:
  ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit(特殊应用积体电路)
  ASC(Auto-Sizing and Centering,自动调效屏幕尺寸和中心位置)
  ASC(Anti Static Coatings,防静电涂层)
  AGAS(Anti Glare Anti Static Coatings,防强光、防静电涂层)
  BLA: Bearn Landing Area(电子束落区)
  BMC(Black Matrix Screen,超黑矩阵屏幕)
  CRC: Cyclical Redundancy Check(循环冗余检查)
  CRT(Cathode Ray Tube,阴极射线管)
  DDC:Display Data Channel,显示数据通道
  DEC(Direct Etching Coatings,表面蚀刻涂层)
  DFL(Dynamic Focus Lens,动态聚焦)
  DFS(Digital Flex Scan,数字伸缩扫描)
  DIC: Digital Image Control(数字图像控制)
  Digital Multiscan II(数字式智能多频追踪)
  DLP(digital Light Processing,数字光处理)
  DOSD: Digital On Screen Display(同屏数字化显示)
  DPMS(Display Power Management Signalling,显示能源管理信号)
  Dot Pitch(点距)
  DQL(Dynamic Quadrapole Lens,动态四极镜)
  DSP(Digital Signal Processing,数字信号处理)
  EFEAL(Extended Field Elliptical Aperture Lens,可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头)
  FRC: Frame Rate Control(帧比率控制)
  HVD(High Voltage Differential,高分差动)
  LCD(liquid crystal display,液晶显示屏)
  LCOS: Liquid Crystal On Silicon(硅上液晶)
  LED(light emitting diode,光学二级管)
  L-SAGIC(Low Power-Small Aperture G1 wiht Impregnated Cathode,低电压光圈阴极管)
  LVD(Low Voltage Differential,低分差动)
  LVDS: Low Voltage Differential Signal(低电压差动信号)
  MALS(Multi Astigmatism Lens System,多重散光聚焦系统)
  MDA(Monochrome Adapter,单色设备)
  MS: Magnetic Sensors(磁场感应器)
  Porous Tungsten(活性钨)
  RSDS: Reduced Swing Differential Signal(小幅度摆动差动信号)
  SC(Screen Coatings,屏幕涂层)
  Single Ended(单终结)
  Shadow Mask(阴罩式)
  TDT(Timeing Detection Table,数据测定表)
  TICRG: Tungsten Impregnated Cathode Ray Gun(钨传输阴级射线枪)
  TFT(thin film transistor,薄膜晶体管)
  UCC(Ultra Clear Coatings,超清晰涂层)
  VAGP: Variable Aperature Grille Pitch(可变间距光栅)
  VBI: Vertical Blanking Interval(垂直空白间隙)
  VDT(Video Display Terminals,视频显示终端)
  VRR: Vertical Refresh Rate(垂直扫描频率)

自学人工智能可行吗

自学当然是可行的!如果你是人工智能领域的零基础小白,可以看看这份学习计划,部分附资源链接,除了书籍,配合一些视频学习效果会更好哦。

一、人工智能

书籍:“Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA)” (人工智能:一种现代方法)

不可多得的综合性书籍,总体概述了人工智能领域,几乎涵盖新手需要了解的所有基本概念。

视频:

-engineering-and-computer-science/6-034-artificial-intelligence-fall-2010/lecture-videos/

Artificial Intelligence course(人工智能课程)系列视频讲座,通过训练AI玩游戏这类趣味实践来介绍基本知识,如果视频太快跟不上,可以配合从上面这本书(现代方法)中寻找相关概念。

二、机器学习(计算机科学和统计学的交叉学科)

视频:

机器学习基础薄弱的,可以先去TutsPlus课程“Machine Learning Distilled”看一下相关概念简述,Coursera上的Andrew Ng机器学习课程,也有基本概念的解释,还介绍了大部分重要的算法。

(-learning/)

对ML算法了解不够的,可以配合以下教学视频进行理解

TutsPlus的“Machine Learning Distilled”(简要概述)

Perer Norvig 的Udacity Course on ML(ML Udacity 课程)

Tom Mitchell 的 Another course on ML

书籍:集体智慧编程(Programming Collective Intelligence)

ML算法在Python中的实践,大量基础性的实例,讲述生动,很适合入门学者,培养兴趣的同时又开拓视野,让你不想懂都难!

三、深度学习(是机器学习里最近比较火的一个子集)

DL基础方面的准备工作:

Google上的great introductory DL cources

Sephen Welch的great explanation of neural networks

书籍:

Deep Learning With Python(可自行度盘下载)

介绍DL应用程序中的最先进成果,深入浅出,带领新手快速开始构建基础并且接触实践案例,包含Keras、TensorFlow时下最先进的工具。

Neural Networks and Deep Learning(神经网络与深度学习)

(可自行度盘下载)

新手友好,作者在数学密集的区域都有标注提示。MNIST手写数字的识别问题贯穿全书,每个模型以及改进都有详细注释的代码。

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